Child and Man free essay sample

Understanding the significance of the kid is father of the man The adage implies that the lead of a youngster shows what sort of man he will be in his future life. It is said that youth shows the man as morning shows the day. On the off chance that the morning is reasonable, the day is required to be reasonable. On the off chance that the youngster gives indications of good character it is normal that he will be a decent man in future. Propensities for youth structure the character of the adult man. Obviously, instruction and condition have some impact in molding a man’s character; yet they don't completely change his normal bowed of psyche. It is, subsequently, essential to watch the regular twisted of brain of a youngster. On the off chance that it is acceptable, it ought to be permitted to develop appropriately in the correct manner. Once in a while a youngster shows a characteristic bowed of science. We will compose a custom paper test on Kid and Man or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that he is appropriately coordinated, he will in future be an effective man of science. Henceforth profession experts currently test the inclination of a youngster with the goal that he might be effectively guided and have a fruitful vocation throughout everyday life. Again as the direct of a kid enormously shapes the character of an adult man, it ought to be the obligation of the guardians to see that a youngster obtains no negative behavior pattern. It is exceptionally hard to shake off the propensities for youth. A youngster has an entirely naive psyche. Fortunate or unfortunate, as it might be, that impression keep going long. A youngster ought to accordingly be raised in acceptable condition. He ought not be permitted to blend in with malicious organization. He composed it with respect to the encounters of the three phases of improvement in a man’s life-adolescence, youth, and mature age. It was Wordsworth’s perception that what we experience as kids makes us the individuals we are the point at which we are more seasoned. Youth is the most basic and significant part in a person’s advancement. The Jesuits used to accept that the initial seven years of a person’s life are his most engrossing years. On the off chance that the correct seeds are planted in these seven years the reap would be foreordained. When a kid arrives at the age of seven, his character is to a great extent set and he starts to demonstrate looks at the man he will be. A youngster is unconstrained and unselfish in sharing his affection and it is this that makes the change to full adulthood reachable. However the discontinuous part of immaturity regularly observes the propensity of the adoration to be dominated by the quick expansion of the juvenile keenness, and this lopsidedness of brain and heart frequently is the purpose behind the torments of puberty. Anyway the characteristics of the grown-up that in the end surface in us are a huge impression of our soonest, unselfish, apparently arriving at affection which is later strengthened by our insight and experience. The youngster is the seed from which will develop forward the grown-up man. There are different settings in which this citation is utilized. It can likewise imply that we attempt to instruct our youngsters all that we have adapted however some place down the line our kids show us things that we have overlooked. They instruct us to grin, to snicker, to cherish and to excuse; straightforward unconstrained things that we have overlooked driving our bustling lives. A different line of thought is that today’s youngsters will be the dads of tomorrow’s men. What we teach in our children’s minds today will be passed onto the people in the future. A bunch of today’s youths will be presidents, designers, thinkers, researchers and they will govern the world. This parcel will settle on choices that influence the lives of ages yet to come and they will be known as the â€Å"fathers of men†. The other side of this citation is that a man’s kids are regularly his Achilles heel. While he may not bow to any other individual, frequently notwithstanding influence from his youngsters, he will surrender persuading that the kid is the dad of man. One more flip side to this citation is that when man develops old he starts to act like a youngster. He needs to do things that the specialist hasn’t recommended, he desires consideration and frequently pitches up fits like a baby causing one to accept that genuinely kid is the dad of man. There are some who accept that there is a karmic inflection in this citation. What we do in our current lives influences our future lives. Youngster speaks to our present and man speaks to our future lives. So the end is drawn that youngster is the dad of man meaning our present makes our future. Kid Is the Father of Man This dumbfounding line of Wordsworth communicates a significant truth. It implies that all the characteristics, mental, good and physical, which will be found later on man are conceivably present in the kid. Similarly as the future tree preâ ­exists in the sprout, the future man pre-exists in the kid. Youth is the most naive time of a keeps an eye on life. It is a period when his basic character is being formed. The characteristics which a youngster acquires from his folks, joined with those which he creates because of his childhood, start to show themselves in the early years. Remembering this reality, guardians and educators should attempt to shape the character of kids, dealing with their wellbeing and encompassing them with great impacts. As per present day brain science, the encounters of youth have an enduring impact. A portion of these encounters lie covered in the more profound brain of the adult man and impact his conduct without his insight. A few models confirm reality of the comment that the youngster is father of the man. Napoleon as a kid was partial to building fortresses of day off raging or protecting them, in this way hinting his later noteworthy accomplishment as a General. At the point when Nelson was a youngster he was once inquired as to whether he had no dread. He answered Fear! What's going on here? I never knew dread. This kid was bound to turn into the gutsy legend of Trafalgar. Shivaji as a kid indicated a distinct fascination for legislative issues and was attached to hearing stories from the Indian sagas. Macaulay who is well known for his bewildering memory read a great deal even as a student, and recollected all that he had perused. That is the reason in his compositions he much of the time utilizes the articulation As each school kid knows-which makes us uncomfortable on the grounds that we don't have the foggiest idea what this student knows. There are, obviously, special cases. A few men of virtuoso don't appear to have given early signs of their future significance. Numerous English writers like Wordsworth and Shelley were articulated dolts at school.

Introduction to Muslim art and architecture

In this article I will talk about the displays and shows I saw on my ongoing visits to the Victoria and Albert Museum and British Museum. It was a really oculus opening experience. It opened up another element of Islam which I had non considered prior. I had ne'er known there was any sort of craftsmanship or engineering in Islam. I had ever thought of historical centers as genuinely stifling topographic focuses. From the start, I was genuinely questioning yet in a matter of seconds was entranced by the curios. I will delineate the most sensational and exceptional relics I saw and some data I found out about them. In the Victoria and Albert Museum, I saw a hearth from the manor of Fuat Pasha. It was made in Istanbul in 1731 CE and is structured in an average Ottoman way. A fascinating thing to see here is the on a portion of the tiles are kept in touch with certain names. These are supposed to be the names of Ahl Al Kahf. Their account is connected in the Quran. A gathering of youthful people and their Canis familiaris who were monotheists were being abused by the Roman Empire. They looked for security in a cavern and petitioned ALLAH ( SWT ) . ALLAH ( SWT ) made them kip and they woke up and thought a twenty-four hours had passed. They were fatigued of being gotten thus they chose one of them to get supplement. This youngster went cautiously and attempted to buy some supplement. At the point when he attempted to pay for it, the vendor would non acknowledge on history of the cash given was terminated. Coins like this had non been in utilization for 100s of mature ages. He surged back to the ca vern and told the others. They had truly been snoozing for 300 mature ages! ALLAH ( SWT ) had spared them from their adversary who were pulverized where as they were safe. This was a strong Ayat of the intensity of ALLAH ( SWT ) and of the universe of Resurrection. The using of their names on hearths is to monitor off corruption. Another point which stood apart was the minbar which is a mosque dais. It was worked in Egypt, in all likelihood Cairo, somewhere between 1468 CE to 1496 CE. Its plan is in a Mamluk way. It utilizes geometric structures which is a certain in normal for Islamic workmanship. The main display must be the Ardabil mat from Ardabil in North Western Iran. The carpet is 34 ? pess by 17 ? pess. It is the most seasoned enduring floor covering from this period going back to 1540 CE. It was finished during the guideline of Safavid Shah Tahmasp I the kid of Shah Ismail. Ardabil is a city with an incredible recorded convention of floor covering exchange and has created the best Iranian Rugs of all clasp. The carpet is even which is another understood in normal for Islamic workmanship. The xanthous emblem in the Center is an emblematic portrayal of the Sun which by then in cut was thought to be in the Center of the presence. Initially this carpet was segment of a lot of two, and was made for the expectation of denoting the altar of Sheik Safi Al Din Ardabil who was a Sufi maestro in enchanted Islam who passed on in 1334 CE. Shah Ismail, who rejoined Iran after a large number of mature ages, established the Safavid Dynasty named after him and set up Shiite Islam as th e area confidence in 1501 CE. In the British gallery I saw a clay tombstone of a Qadi called Jalal Al Din Abdul Malik who went off around the twelvemonth 1270 CE in Kashan, Iran. He was known as Malik Al Ulama. The headstone is canvassed in Arabic handwriting fusing verses of the Quran. Ayat Al Kursi is composed outwardly outline. The handwriting and casings are painted in Co blue. The accompanying item I saw was a mosque light from the clasp of the Ottoman Empire. It very well may be precisely dated gratitude to the lettering which expresses the name of the imaginative individual each piece great as where and when it was made. The inventive individual was Musli who created it in Iznik in Turkey in the twelvemonth 1549 CE. The Ottoman Caliph Suleiman The Magnificent who ruled from 1520-1566 arranged the reconstructing of the Dome Of The Rock in Jerusalem. The light was made to decorate within. It has three grasps and ironss are utilized to hang the light. At the point when lit, the handwriting illuminates. The light other than shows tulips which are an image of the Ottoman Empire. Tulips were utilized in trimmings everyplace from mosques and strongholds to vesture. The light was found in Jerusalem in the nineteenth Century. I so seen a gold dinar coin. It is one of the first coins from the clasp of the Caliph Abdul Malik of the Umayyad Dynasty. This coin was bit of the Islamic coin framework which was built up so as to supplant Byzantium and Persian coins which were aforesaid in use. This was done on the grounds that the use of pictures on Byzantium and Iranian coins are out. The Islamic coins contained the Kalimah, the fundamental and most cardinal message of Islam. The coin is dated to 696 CE to 697 CE, likely from Syria. The last point I would to talk about both on the grounds that it is the last point I saw and was without a doubt the one point which stood apart for me was the carven jade reptile. It got my oculus in a flash. It is exceptionally realistic. It must hold been cut by an extremely talented master. It starts from Allahabad in Northern India and is gone back to the seventeenth Century. It might perchance hold been made between 1605-1627 during the rule of Selim the kid of the third Mughal Emperor Akbar who ruled from 1556-1605 and a Hindu princess. Akbar fabricated a palace at the Hindu city of Prayag and renamed it Allahabad. Akbar ne'er lived in the stronghold on the other hand offering it to his kid. Selim is known to hold had a captivation with characteristic wonder and this could hold been utilized as an enrichment for the nursery pools at his manor. The carven jade reptile was produced using an individual bit of green jade nephrite. It was found at the underside of a reservoir in th e start of the nineteenth Century during diving work in Allahabad. How it wound up at that place in the principal topographic point is a puzzle. It was so moved to England by Alexander Kyd. It was so offered to the British Museum in 1830. I found Islam has a rich decent variety and history. I figured out how Islamic workmanship and A ; design is unique in relation to different civic establishments. I discovered that notwithstanding varying administrations and ages, all Islamic workmanship and A ; design parcel some basic cardinal principles. These cardinal guidelines are that human or animalistic metaphorical portrayals are non permitted, this is because of the cardinal principle of Islam being Tawheed which is faith in One GOD who is in secret and nil resembles Him so using any pictures are absolutely out. This is in unpolished differentiation to numerous symbol adoring networks who made visual pictures of their Gods, for example, Ancient Egypt. Another standard is the use of geometric structures which can be interminably rehashed. Another standard is the utilization of Arabic handwriting so as to fancify verses of the Quran, which can so be utilized for its definitive plan, to engender the confidence of Islam. I saw numerous antiquated relics of the Islamic universe and perceived how craftsmanship and A ; design connects to the historical backdrop of extraordinary Islamic Empires and Dynasties. Every Dynasty had its ain regular images, for example, tulips for the Ottomans. Every Dynasty has left a go oning inheritance through craftsmanship and A ; design, for example, the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus as a characteristic of the force and glorification of the Umayyad Dynasty at its extremum. It was a truly mind blowing experience. The vast majority of import thing I learnt is that every one of these items and ancient rarities I saw during my visits to the exhibition halls are a bit of my history and heritage.BibliographyCarved jade reptile. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . English Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.britishmuseum.org/investigate/features/highlight_objects/me/c/carved_jade_terrapin.aspx [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .Ceramic headstone of Jalal al-DincAbd al-Malik. [ Onli ne ] . ( 2009 ) . English Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.britishmuseum.org/investigate/features/highlight_objects/me/c/tombstone_of_an_islamic_judge.aspx [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .Mosque light. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . English Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.britishmuseum.org/investigate/features/highlight_objects/me/m/ottoman_mosque_lamp.aspx [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .Golddinarof calif Abd al-Malik. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . English Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.britishmuseum.org/investigate/features/highlight_objects/cm/g/gold_dinar_of_caliph_abd_al-ma.aspx [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .PALACE AND MOSQUE: ISLAMIC ART FROM THE VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . Victoria And Albert Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.vam.ac.uk/pictures/picture/8405-popup.html [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .Manner In Islamic Art. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . Victoria And Albert Museum. A ccessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1342_islamic_middle_east/index.php? id=1024 [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .The Ardabil Carpet. [ Online ] . ( 2009 ) . Victoria And Albert Museum. Accessible from: hypertext move convention:/www.vam.ac.uk/assortments/asia/object_stories/ardabil/index.html [ Accessed 26 December 2009 ] .

Cannabidiol and Its Effects

Cannabidiol and Its Effects Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print Cannabidiol and Its Effects By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 26, 2019 Khmanglo/Flickr More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Cannabidiol, or CBD, is an active ingredient in the drug cannabis, also known as marijuana. CBD is the second-most widely recognized element of marijuana, after delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol, or THC. Marijuana contains over 400 different active substances, with THC and CBD being just two of its 60 different cannabinoid molecules. Effects of Cannabidiol There is increasing evidence that CBD may have potential therapeutic benefits, including anticonvulsive, sedative, hypnotic, antipsychotic, and neuroprotective properties. It also has an anti-inflammatory effect, which in animal studies has been found to be several hundred times that of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). Because CBD produces its biological effects without acting significantly on the brains cannabinoid receptors, it does not cause the unwanted psychotropic effects that are characteristic of other marijuana derivatives. This gives it a potentiallly high potential to be used in the development of various forms of medical marijuana. A study comparing THC with CBD showed that some of the unpleasant aspects of the marijuana high, such as anxiety and paranoia, appear to be caused by THC, and alleviated by CBD. Although complex, studies have shown some neuroprotective effects of CBD. Research comparing the brains of chronic marijuana smokers and the amount of THC and CBD on hair samples indicated that, while THC appears to have a neurotoxic effect, diminishing grey matter in areas of the brain, CBD appears to have a neuroprotective effect on the same areas of the brain. Another study looking at the effects of various drugs on the development of dementia showed that CBD may have some positive effects, including the reduction of symptoms of psychosis in people with Parkinsons Disease. However, it is too early to say whether CBD could be used to prevent dementia, a condition which the medical system is struggling to cope with as it is reaching epidemic proportions among the aging population. There is also some research to suggest that CBD may reduce symptoms of psychosis in people with Parkinsons disease. Amount of Cannabidiol in Cannabis Despite the current view that CBD appears to be both a positive agent in and of itself and a potential modifier of some of the negative aspects of THC, reports of how the constituents of cannabis have changed over the first decade of the 21st century are concerning. Typical reports of the amount of THC and CDB in cannabis has been around 4% of each substance. In contrast, high potency strains of marijuana that have been developed more recently, such as sinsemilla, or skunk, are reported to contain 16-22% of THC, and less than 0.1% CBD. This might explain the recent increase in cannabis-related cases of psychosis.

The Declaration Of Sentiments By Elizabeth Cady Stanton

There are many important documents in history that have influenced the lives of women today, but possibly none more important than the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The declaration was able to make an extremely strong and memorable impact, not only for the ideas presented in it, but also for its strong rhetoric and use of figurative language such as anaphora and syntax; also, notable is its imitation of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. Though written over one hundred years ago, the declaration written at the Seneca Falls Convention addressing women’s rights has made influences still felt today including but not limited to the right to vote, gender equality in the eyes of the law, and even just simple things such as women wearing pants or the confidence of young girls. The â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† was written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton after women, including her activist counterpart Lucretia Mott, had been barred from participation in the abolition movement. Being told they could not take part greatly angered women because they were being continually told that they were inferior to men and only had use for looking pretty and birthing children. When women were unable to participate in the abolition movement they began to feel that they were lacking in rights as well and needed to start their own movement. On July 19, 1848 Mott and Stanton held the Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. There, she wrote a document that would changeShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Sentiments, By Elizabeth Cady Stanton1714 Words   |  7 PagesOver the holiday, please read pages 114-143 in the Language of Composition. 1. Analyze Stanton s use of induction and deduction to support her claim and develop the argument. 4-5 paragraphs. Inductions, a series of examples, can be used to verify a major premise, which can then be the framework for deductions, by applying it to a specific case (minor premise). Deductive reasoning can be structured as a syllogism, a â€Å"logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach aRead MoreThe Declaration Of Sentiments By Elizabeth Cady Stanton1225 Words   |  5 PagesTory Lynch Marlaire AP Lit P.1 27 January 2015 Essay Contest: The Declaration of Sentiments In the Declaration of Sentiments, author Elizabeth Cady Stanton expresses her anger of the oppression experienced by women in the United States. After being rejected to attend the World’s Anti-Slavery convention in London, Stanton was frustrated because she was being rejected for being a woman. This motivated Stanton to share her own ideas on advocating women’s rights and changing the way women are treatedRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton s Declaration Of Sentiments1249 Words   |  5 PagesMy paper will include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and what made her set out to start the Women s Rights Movement with her friend Susan B Anthony. Elizabeth became an early leader for the women s rights movements, writing the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† as a sign for equal rights for women.In every soul there is bound up some truth and some error, and each gives to the world of thought what no other one possesses.—Cousin. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born on November 12, 1815 in Johnstown New York.Read MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton s Declaration Of Sentiments And Resolutions Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesA Call to Women, a Call to All Elizabeth Cady Stanton fought tirelessly against inequality between men and women, an issue that still plagues this nation. From her first address to her last, Elizabeth was the voice of the women’s rights movement. She lectured across the nation and publically debated the unjust laws of her day (â€Å"Elizabeth Cady Stanton†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Two of her more prominent and potent speeches were â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions† and â€Å"Solitude of Self†. These speeches served asRead MoreThe Declaration Of Sentiments And Resolutions, By Elizabeth Cady Stanton And Ain t I A Woman1187 Words   |  5 PagesShorter 14th Edition there are two very powerful speeches by two completely different women who were fighting for the same cause. The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Ain t I A Woman? 1863 By Sojourner Truth both argue for women s right to vote. While both women have similar arguments, their methods are differe nt. Stanton s argument speaks on the legality of things, how unconstitutional it is and in some ways points to the wrong doers. On the other handRead MoreSeneca Falls Research Paper1471 Words   |  6 Pageswomen. Women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Coffin Mott helped to kickstart the innovative ideas produced before and through the convention. The Wesleyan Methodist Church in Seneca Falls was the site of the first womens rights convention in the United States. The meeting took place on July 19-20, 1848.1 On the first day, only women were permitted to speak, and men joined in on the second day.2 The convention was really started by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Stanton was born in JohnstownRead MoreDeclaration of Sentiments905 Words   |  4 PagesDeclaration of Sentiments The Declarations of sentiments was arguably the most significant document in history for the advancement of women in the nineteenth century America. It was made famous at the first Woman’s Rights Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York, in July of 1848. Drafted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the declaration outlined a series of grievances resulting from the unfair treatment of women and proposed eleven resolutions arguing that women had the rightRead MoreSeneca Falls The First Women s Rights Convention937 Words   |  4 Pageswomen’s rights convention in the United States. The convention took place at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, NY, on July 19, 1848 (Seneca Falls Convention Begins). This convention was organized by two abolitionist named Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton with the help of Martha Wright, Mary Ann McClintock, and Jane Hunt. They posted the announcement in the Seneca County Courier on July 14, 1848. The message said â€Å"A Convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious conditions and rightsRead MoreEssay on Elizabeth Cady Stantons Fight for Equality 1252 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton was not just a mother, daughter, feminist, and writer; but she is the woman who changed the lives of women everywhere by fighting for equality. Stanton lived a normal childhood, but one that motivated her to never give up hope in reaching her goal. A qu ick background of her life will help better understand why she became such a powerful woman’s rights activist. Also, what she accomplished that changed history and how it still affects us today in 2011. I will also express myRead MoreDeclaration of Sentiments by Elizabeth Cady 894 Words   |  4 Pagesone day achieve complete equality with their male counterparts. Two women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Judy (Syfers) Brady, both recognized the patriarchal society in which women had to endure. They despised the way it heaped inequality and servitude upon women, and decided to assert their opinion on the issue in order to change the perceptions and imposed limitations on women. In Stanton’s speech, â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments†, and in Brady’s article, â€Å"I Want a Wife†, both women attempt to convince

The Debate Of Womens Reproductive Health - 1194 Words

The topic of women’s rights has always been one that has been discussed. Specifically, the topic of women’s reproductive health and rights has been the subject of controversial debate for many years. There have been countless organizations formed that often debated the validity and sometimes even the legality of health programs that include reproductive health. There are many different aspects and topics under the wide umbrella that is women’s reproductive health and the one that is argued about and debated on the most is the topic of abortions. Two organizations that have opposing stances on reproductive health are Planned Parenthood and the National Right to Life organization. Their opposing viewpoints make it hard to come to a compromise but they do both agree on some sort of health care so the best solution would be to devise legislation for health care for women. Planned Parenthood is a women’s health care provider. This organization goes above and beyond research and help when it comes to providing women across the nation with the health care they need. They â€Å"respect each individual’s right to make informed, independent decisions about health, sex, and family planning† (Planned Parenthood). Planned Parenthood makes sure that they are not just a place where women go to have an abortion; they provide a multitude of other health care procedures for women. In fact, only 3% of Planned Parenthood’s services make up abortions (Planned Parenthood). That is 97% of servicesShow MoreRelatedUndue Burden : Obstacles Against Women s Reproductive Rights971 Words   |  4 PagesObstacles Against Women’s Reproductive Rights Undue Burden: Obstacles Against Women’s Reproductive Rights The topic of women’s reproductive rights has become a major, controversial issue in today’s society. Grounded in a history of opposition for religious, political, and moral reasons, reproductive rights have only legally been around for a short period of history. Specifically, the landmark case Roe v. Wade was the major stride that this country took towards enforcing women’s reproductive rights. TheRead MoreAbortion And Abortion1002 Words   |  5 Pagestopic by using legal and constitutional evidence rather than religious beliefs. One of the most vital parts of the American-abortion discussion revolves around Planned Parenthood and its deep rooted connection with women reproductive rights. For the last 5 years, the debate revolving funding or defunding Planned Parenthood has become more heated ; inadvertently widening the divide between Republicans and Democrats. Common misconceptions about Planned Parenthood facilities usually include how theyRead MoreMandated Coverage For Birth Control On Health Insurance Plans957 Words   |  4 PagesDebates are ongoing in the United States as more laws and restrictions are implemented on reproductive care. In 2014 there was a heated debate on whether there should be a mandated coverage for birth control on health insurance plans. According to a survey by the University of Michigan Health System, 69% of adults in the United States support this requirement in health insurance plans and the people who oppose this requirement is less than 10%. There have been other laws ma de by states recentlyRead MoreAffordable Care Act Of Us Mandatory Health Coverage1441 Words   |  6 Pages Affordable Care Act in USA: Mandatory Health Coverage The healthcare system in America is a market based system that functions by relying on the structures of an efficient market. The principles of demand and supply are instrumental in determining the functionality of the healthcare system in USA. One of the factors that has contributed to this reality is the fact that healthcare in the US is provided by various distinct organizations which are largely owned by private businesses. Indeed, 21% ofRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagescan have any religion, and have free speech. But women’s rights in the Unites States have been silenced and taken control of for a longtime. Throughout U.S. history women’s power and place in society has been diminished because of patriarchy. The overwhelming number of men in the government has made women’s right to reproductive health one of the most controversial issues in politics. Every year new laws and bills get passed that seems to limit women’s ch oice about their own body. The government hasRead MoreAbortion : A Positive Impact For Women s Reproductive Rights Movement870 Words   |  4 Pagesbut is influenced with abortion legislations. Abortion has been legalized since 1973 the Supreme court case Roe vs. Wade, but it has become an ongoing social debate on abortion when it comes to its access and coverage. According to Barusch (2014), social policy in the United State have not been a positive impact for women’s reproductive rights movement. Opponents of legal abortion view abortion as murder, and some advocate violence against clinics and physicians. Numberless laws have passed forRead MoreAbortion : A Common Medical Procedure979 Words   |  4 Pagesremains a common medical procedure in today’s society, even though its rates have steadily dropped since 2000. Studies show that one in three women will have an abortion sometime in their life. There has been a constant religious and political debates between health care and abortion services. Many people believe they shouldn’t have to pay for their own abortion, just like they don’t have to pay for their birth control, doctor visits, or den tal. This is an accusation that many pro-life people like toRead MoreAbortion Is An Accepted And Legal Medical Practice853 Words   |  4 PagesThere is widespread debate in American society on whether abortion should be an accepted and legal medical practice. Those who oppose abortion claim that fetuses are human persons with a right to life which must be protected by law, even at the earliest stages after conception. Those who support a woman’s right to choose whether she will carry an infant to term argue that the mother’s rights to bodily autonomy and to decide whether or not to have a child outweigh any rights a fetus might have.Read MoreControl Over Having Children1817 Words   |  7 Pagessurrounding women’s opinion to be pro-life or pro-choice. One of the most famous examples of government involvement in the matter of women’s reproductive health is Roe v. Wade. In 1973, Roe v. Wade ruled it was unconstitutional to ban abortions except to save the life of the mother. â€Å"The court ruled that the states were forbidden from outlawing or regulating any aspect of abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy, could only enact regulations reasonably related to maternal health in theRead MoreFurthermore, Reproductive Rights Cannot Be Discussed Without1698 Words   |  7 PagesFurthermore, reproductive rights cannot be discussed without additionally addressing the history of healthcare in the United States. Women are more likely to visit a physician than men, and do so more frequently (Mezey, 2011). They are also more likely to enter into nursing homes when they are older and live longer lives (2011). Despite these frequencies, women are not often considered or even included when planning healthcare. For example, Medicaid is a government program that provides health insurance

Character Analysis -Tell Tale Heart Free Essays

The short story can produce many different â€Å"types† of characters. Usually, these characters are faced with situations that give us an insight into their true â€Å"character†. In the Tell Tale Heart, a short story written by Edgar Allen Poe, the narrator of the story is faced with a fear. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis -Tell Tale Heart or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is afraid of the Old Man’s Eye. The actions that this narrator performs in order to quell his fear can lead others to believe that he suffers from some sort of mental illness. The very fact that this narrator is so repulsed by the old man’s eye, which he refers to as â€Å"the evil eye†, is reason enough to be suspicious of his character. The narrator has an inner struggle with the thought that â€Å"the evil eye† is watching him and an underlying feeling that â€Å"the evil eye† will see the real person that he has become. This paranoia leads the narrator to believe that the only way he can put down his fears is to kill the old man. It is said that denial is usually the sign of a problem. If this holds true, then the narrator has the characteristics of a â€Å"madman†. In the first paragraph, he asks, â€Å"but why will you say that I am mad! (Kennedy Gioia, 34) This statement can be looked upon as a statement made by someone going through a paranoid episode. He talks as if he is in frenzy, especially when he talks about hearing things in heaven and in hell. â€Å"The disease had sharpened my senses? Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven? I heard many things in hell. † (Kennedy Gioia, 34) The â€Å"disease† that the narrator is talking about eats away at his conscience until â€Å"[I] made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever. (Kennedy Gioia, 34) The progression of the story revolves around the actions of the narrator. He describes the â€Å"wise† ways in which he prepares himself to commit this deed. The way the narrator â€Å"stalks† the old man the whole week before he kills him can be evidence of a problem. Every night he would watch the old man sleep. He found comfort in knowing that the eye was not watching him, that it could not see the true evil within his soul. While the eye was closed, so was the idea of killing the old man. It is not until the old man awakens each day that the struggle within is apparent. This may be the reason why the narrator is so obsessed with watching the old man sleep. The actual act of murder, which the narrator believes was premeditated, was in fact a spur of the moment action. He toiled with the idea while the man was awake, that is, while he could see the â€Å"evil eye†. However, while the eye was closed, the narrator was at peace. One night, during one of the narrator’s â€Å"stalking† sessions, the old man awakens. The narrator goes into a paranoid frenzy, mistaking the beating of his heart for the beating of the old man’s heart. During this frenzy, the narrator is afraid that neighbors will hear the beating of the man’s heart. This causes the narrator to take action. He quickly subdues the old man and kills him. He then takes extreme steps in disposing of the body, dismembering it and burying it under the planks in the floorboard. These extreme actions can be used as evidence to the paranoia that is taking shape. The fear of getting caught would be a normal reaction to someone who has committed a murder. However, the dismemberment of the body was not necessary since the narrator had ample resources to dispose of the body properly. When the police arrive at the house, the narrator is sure that he has nothing to fear. He lets them into the house and bids them to search wherever they like. He leads them into the room where the body is buried and invites them to sit down. Although he fears nothing consciously, the narrator battles with his conscience subconsciously. He begins to feel uneasy when the officers start talking to him. The paranoia begins to build steadily and before long, the narrator hears the beating of his heart, which he again mistakes for the beating of the corpse’s heart. This implication gives further evidence to the paranoid nature of the narrator. The beating grows louder to him and, since it is his heart beating, the officers could not hear it. This made the narrator even uneasier since he could not understand why they could not hear it as well. A short while later and after a rabid inner struggle, the narrator, in a fit of rage, admits to his crime, believing that the police officer were aware of what he had done. This is the pinnacle of his paranoid state. The idea that the officers were just toying with him, that they knew all along that he had murdered, presents a clear case of paranoid psychosis. Despite the narrator’s cunning plan of how to commit the murder and how to dispose of the body, his own sub-conscience becomes his undoing. The sound of the old man’s heartbeat continues to taunt the narrator and his reaction to his subconscious thoughts causes him to admit his crime to the police. How to cite Character Analysis -Tell Tale Heart, Essay examples

Transition Nursing Practice Bachelor of Nursing

Question: Discuss about theTransition Nursing Practice for Bachelor of Nursing. Answer: Personal Reflection on Transition Nursing Practice This assignment aims to reflect on a challenging position that I have experienced, utilizing a standard reflective model and supporting it with appropriate scholarly literature. The reflective model, which is selected for this assignment, is Driscoll reflective model or framework (Coleman and Willis 2015). What? A transition phase appears in the lives of undergraduate nursing students, when they step further to become a registered nurse (Teoh et al. 2013). This phase presents a collection of experiences including the several opportunities as well as challenges. It is concerned with a personal experience, which can often be hectic as well as confronting (Mellor and Gregoric 2016). A study conducted by Chang and Daly (2015) revealed that several registered nurses in the beginning level feel that they are not fully prepared for practice and also felt besieged with the accountability. Besides this, some of them felt abandoned. When I started my practice, I too had these kinds of feelings in the first few months of practicing as a registered nurse. An additional phenomenon will also be discussed in this piece of assessment is the socialization of the graduate nurses. In professionalism, socialization is concerned with the learning of new aspects, which are necessary for the role of nursing like s kills, knowledge and conduct. Professional socialization involves workplace adaptation (Doody et al. 2012). The experience of socialization of an individual can play a fundamental role in job satisfaction, performance of work and retention in the profession of nursing effectively (Spector et al. 2015). I would like to share a personal experience, which I have encountered in the initial two months of my transition to practice on a mental health facility. I was assigned with the task of addressing a 50-year-old- female named Julia who was experiencing mood disorder after the death of her husband Peter in a car accident one month ago. Julia entered into the mental health facility at 1200 hours. Her sister Carol, who stated her symptoms, accompanied her. According to her, she was suffering from anxiety and depression. After the death of her husband, Julia was all alone, as she did not have children. She was living in a rented house and her landlord told her to shift to a new place as she was not able to pay the rent of the house after the death of her husband. This concerned her more as she had no one except a sister, carol. Carol was not financially strong as her husband was a laborer and used to get small amount of wages. They had two children, who used to study in the school. Theref ore, there was no one, who could help Julia to overcome her grief and depression. She started to live in an old-age home and her sister carol used to visit her once in a week. I informed the doctor and the nurse who was given the charge. However, I started collecting the information from Julia and continued with the process of admission, for which I was accountable at that time. Julia cooperated with me in the process but she appeared guarded and avoided eye contact, and when I was about to end my nursing assessments, she admitted that after the death of her husband, she was not able to overcome her grief and depression. It was quickly ascertained that presently she did not had a dwelling place as she was a widow now and was living in the old-age home. I provided her with something to eat and arranged a social worker to see her. After that, I went to the in-charge nurse and asked her to give me some advice regarding what should be done now. I was told by her to discharge the patient and instruct her to visit a social worker somewhere else. She clearly affirmed that this is a mental health facility and we dont deal with such types of patients here The nurse manager agreed with the nurse in-charge. I evidently remember one of my colleague, who once said, I can make out that you think we are being harsh but as time will pass by, you will do the same like us what we did today. So What? After this incident passed by, I felt disturbed and upset. I was surprised by this incident and it made me emotional and strong-minded to assist my patient and get an established plan so that he can have accommodation, food and water at the time when he left my care. This incident made me asked different questions like who am I? and what role do I have? Being a registered nurse, I reflected on my journey in the field of nursing. When I was an undergraduate, I used to focus on my clinical development and I never in reality considered the hidden curriculum, which can be described as the influences that helps in shaping a person at the level of organization (Bull et al. 2015). It involves the learning of professionals from the environment of their place of work, which lies exterior to the intended objectives of learning in a complex process of socialization (Kumaran and Carney 2014). In my opinion, I reacted in this way due to the reason that I was in a dilemma that whether I should listen to the words of my colleague or should follow my own belief regarding my responsibility of caring. Duty of care involves legal obligation for promoting and protecting the concerns of the individuals who receive care (Kramer et al. 2013). In the code of professional conduct for nurses in Australia, the conduct statement four outlines that the nurses must give respect to the self-respect, values, ethnicity, beliefs and culture of the individuals who are receiving care by them (Flinkman et al. 2013). The nurses must also take suitable actions for ensuring the quality of care and safety of the patients. I was in a state of pressure and had doubt on myself being a new registered nurse. Certainly, being a new nursing having less than six years of experience, it was not possible for me to supersede the suggestions of the manager and the in-charge nurse. It is common for a new registered nurse to encounter confronting and hectic situations in the transition phase that is generally known as transition shock (Chang and Daly 2015). This particular situation opened my eye and helped me in highlighting the differences between the reality and expectations to work being a registered nurse. In addition, the hidden curriculum, in which a wider process of socialization was taking place, was also highlighted by my response. Being a new registered nurse, the guidance and instruction of my seniors is essential for my development. It is well recognized that the nursing culture or organizational culture possess a direct impact on the well-being of nurses along with the quality of patient care. I had a lack of experience and due to this, I felt overwhelmed. I questioned myself regarding my capability and making decision as a responsible nurse. Now What? After this episode, I was not sure regarding what I should have done at that time. Julia stated to me that she wanted to converse with the social worker and desired to stay until an arrangement could be done. As the time passed, I made a decision to approach another senior member of the staff in the mental health facility, whose name was Paul and he was my mentor in several shifts. I took help from him regarding my personal thoughts. Paul helped me in establishing a plan. He gave me instruction to inform the doctor regarding the intention of the nurse manager of discharging Julia. I was instructed by the doctor to keep Julia in the mental health facility until the social worker assesses her. My thinking was challenged by this response as I started to recognize that I could make utilize my strength by means of this experience in building self-confidence and always consider what is appropriate for the patients. Therefore, I can say that this transition phase allowed me to grow in a personal and professional manner. Now, I can accept the challenges confidently and I can continue my practice efficiently. Interviewing a Senior Registered Nurse In this section, a senior registered nurse has been interviewed. The questions along with their answers are provided in this section. What is your Opinion Regarding this Episode of Nursing? In this situation, your frustration can be understood and I can make out how you might have given sympathy to the patient and handled the situation. Being nurses, we deal with individuals who possess genuine lives and have their individual needs. As this was complex situation, in my opinion, getting assistance from a social worker would have been suitable. It leaves the complex issue for analyzing where do we need to apply the duty of care. Could I have Tackled the Situation in a Better Way? If yes, How? Though we tackled the particular situation mutually, I considered the only thing which we could have done in a better way was to be focused with our intent of keeping the patient in the mental health facility, as long she wished, until she was seen by the social worker. The factors of risk for Julia returning to her existing situations of living were excessively high lacking an arrangement of accommodation along with food and water. In your View, What are the Positive and Negative Sides of this Episode? This episode has provided you with an apparent insight regarding the term Duty of care, and you will possibly refer back to this episode for the future practices. In your learning practice, you have had personal experience of transition shock and role stress. However, these terms generally have a negative implication related with them. You need to use them to your benefit to develop and learn from your experiences in your nursing profession. Therefore, from a Registered nurse, the undergraduate nurses who are stepping forward to become registered nurses can learn to manage their work, handling pressure, and dealing with the complex situations in the nursing practices. References Bull, R., Shearer, T., Phillips, M. and Fallon, A., 2015. Supporting graduate nurse transition: collaboration between practice and university.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,46(9), pp.409-415. Chang, E. and Daly, J., 2015.Transitions in nursing: preparing for professional practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Coleman, D. and Willis, D.S., 2015. Reflective writing: The student nurse's perspective on reflective writing and poetry writing.Nurse education today,35(7), pp.906-911. Doody, O., Tuohy, D. and Deasy, C., 2012. Final-year student nurses perceptions of role transition. Flinkman, M., Isopahkala-Bouret, U. and Salanter, S., 2013. Young registered nurses' intention to leave the profession and professional turnover in early career: a qualitative case study.ISRN nursing,2013. Kaihlanen, A.M., Lakanmaa, R.L. and Salminen, L., 2013. The transition from nursing student to registered nurse: The mentors possibilities to act as a supporter.Nurse education in practice,13(5), pp.418-422. Kramer, M., Maguire, P., Halfer, D., Brewer, B. and Schmalenberg, C., 2013. Impact of residency programs on professional socialization of newly licensed registered nurses.Western journal of nursing research,35(4), pp.459-496. Kumaran, S. and Carney, M., 2014. Role transition from student nurse to staff nurse: Facilitating the transition period.Nurse education in practice,14(6), pp.605-611. Mellor, P. and Gregoric, C., 2016. Ways of Being: Preparing Nursing Students for Transition to Professional Practice.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,47(7), pp.330-340. Spector, N., Blegen, M.A., Silvestre, J., Barnsteiner, J., Lynn, M.R., Ulrich, B., Fogg, L. and Alexander, M., 2015. Transition to practice study in hospital settings.Journal of Nursing Regulation,5(4), pp.24-38. Teoh, Y.T.E., Pua, L.H. and Chan, M.F., 2013. Lost in transitionA review of qualitative literature of newly qualified Registered Nurses' experiences in their transition to practice journey.Nurse Education Today,33(2), pp.143-147. Whitehead, B., Owen, P., Henshaw, L., Beddingham, E. and Simmons, M., 2016. Supporting newly qualified nurse transition: a case study in a UK hospital.Nurse education today,36, pp.58-63.

Essay on Great Gatsby

Essay on Great Gatsby Essay on Great Gatsby During the 1920s Jay Gatsby had been living out what Fitzgerald calls the American Dream. Fitzgerald s American Dream through the views of Gatsby was to be very wealthy, have a sense of class, infinite capacity of hope, and wonder. Gatsby had sense of style that made him fit in to the upper class of society which again is part of the American Dream. The novel depicts how this dream has deteriorated in many ways such as wealth, materialism, Selfishness, being "used", easily empresses, cheaters, snobbism, East Vs West, poor Vs rich, greediness, carnal, and not being loyal. Even today some of us have to do whatever it takes to keep up with the Jones . And we still have those who seem to think that they are better than everyone else. The harder we work towards the American Dream, as in the Gatsby, the further we get sometimes. Love is an intense of feeling of deep affection or fondness for a person or a thing. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, Daisy's love for Gatsby is very shallow. The a ffections she has for him are only feelings of respect of his success because Jay prospers in all his intentions. Daisy highly regards Gatsby because of his determination of getting anything he wants. Hence, love is not shown very profoundly by Daisy towards Gatsby. She has already married Tom and has a daughter by him. She married him during the time Gatsby joins the military, with a thought of him not coming back. Before Gatsby joins the military, Daisy and him made a promise to one another that when Gatsby returns, they will get married. She does not keep her vow to Gatsby, which only shows that she is not taking it seriously. Even though she is not happy with her marriage with

A Girl Like I

A Girl Like I A Girl Like I A Girl Like I By Maeve Maddox A reader writes I know you have written on this issue before, but I see the problem has arisen even in your latest message. You say  For those of you who, like me, hadn’t heard of SI symbols, you’ll find a list here.    Like me   My husband and I have been arguing over the use of me and/or I daily. I would say like me, and he says, like I. I have a sinking feeling he is grammatically correct.   Answer please? I wish all grammar questions were as easy to answer as this one. Its never, ever correct to say like I. In Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Marilyn Monroe plays a blonde bimbo (what else?)   One of her conversational character tags is like I? When the movie came out in 1953, the audience was expected to laugh when she said it. Like is a preposition. Prepositions ALWAYS take an object. The object form of I is me. Im sorry to learn that even one person thinks that like I is a grammatical possibility in standard English. The incorrect use of I in compound objects after the preposition to has been around for some time now. For example: They were very kind to Michelle and I. Putting anothers name in front of the pronoun does not change the fact that to is a preposition and requires an object form: They were very kind to Michelle and me. I hope that this incorrect use of I after like doesnt make the strides in popular speech that it has after transitive verbs. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. Programme"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?7 Other Types of Pronouns

The black cat by E. Poe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The black cat by E. Poe - Essay Example Virginia served as a pattern and embodiment of love in Poe’s several novels such as Annabel Lee, The Raven, and Ligeia. Poes one-time employer George Rex Graham said about their relationship: "His love for his wife was a sort of rapturous worship of the spirit of beauty." I believe that his devotional love in inherent in a good marriage. After her death, he tried to have a comfortable life with a poet, Sarah Helen Whitman. However, their relationship ended, because of Poe’s serious alcoholism. Such behavior was a result of the sorrow he felt after Virginia’s death. Edgar Allan Poe was one of the representatives of Gothic literature. Gothic art was predominant in the Romantic era, thus Poe’s writings were affected by Romanticism. Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that praised imagination over reason, emotions over logic, and intuition over science-making way. It rejected the rational and intellectual, and Allan Poe emphasized that didactic and intellectual elements were absent in his work. The Black Cat is an example of Gothic literature work. The black cat’s time and setting is obscure and vague, and it creates an uncanny atmosphere. The beginning of this story is ordinary and friendly, and narrator’s childhood sounds loving. However, happy introduction foreshadows the horrendous ending in Gothic literature. Moreover, there are many Gothic images in the novel. For example, cat’s figure imprinted on the wall brings grotesque illusion. Disturbing vision of cat to the protagonist is akind of foreshadowing of coming event. He tries to ignore superstition and offer a reasonable and scientific explanation. As the narrators extreme hatred and rage to the cat cannot be explained logically, I suppose that cat is a supernatural object, and symbolizes his tortured conscience. Humanity’s fear and fascination is unknown in Gothic literature. Narrator in The Black Cat commits

Internet Censorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Internet Censorship - Research Paper Example nizations and individuals practice internet censorship because of maintaining the morality in the society, requirement by religion, to conserve the culture of the society, due to authoritative command or due to the requirement by law. There diverse opinions about internet censorship among the people of the modern whereby some support it at the same time others opposing it (Deibert 76). In addition, the degree of internet censorship varies from one country to another or from one organization to another. Some have got suppressed rules on internet censorship while others have extreme legal restrictions whereby even basic information like news that should be passed to the public is suppressed. Moreover, it occurs when sensitive occasions or activities are anticipated to take place. Such events include general elections in various countries to elect new leaders, protests and riots against something. Such censorship is meant not stir incitement among the public to cause more harm during such events. Other fields of censorship are done to protect the legal right to control written work, prevent offensive language against someone and to protect people from getting exposed to disturbing scenes that may cause psychological torture. Most occasions that require internet censorship are related to online censorship that is applied to media and internet. The existing difference between the two is that the limits of a nation sometimes can leak. People can get data which is prohibited in their own country other countries where the same information is not restricted. Therefore, internet censorship must be fully implemented and enforced to ensure there is no access of such information at all. To ensure that this is achieved then sites that should not accessed are completely blocked or only the information that should be communicated to people is filtered. Filtering information or blocking is implemented by use of blacklisting and intensive scrutinization of information that is

Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth

Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION This study will give us an opportunity to identify the determinants of FDI that develops economic growth, to understand the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in enhancing the economic growth in Malaysia, and also the relationship between (FDI) and the economic growth in Malaysia. In this chapter of study, the main focus will be on research background, research objectives, research questions and also the significant of study. Research Background 1.1.1 The Trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Flow in Malaysia The relationship between the growths of FDI with countries has been a debatable issue for several decades. This has become an eye opener which agreed by (Karimi, Sharift and Yusop, 2009, p.2) which drive policymakers to engage in incentives such as export processing zone and tax incentive in order to attract FDI. However, the determinant of FDI in each country is different and failure to understand how a specific country can attract FDI will bring difficulties to changes in economy. In the case of Malaysia, in 2007 the economy was ranked at 29th largest economy in the world with gross domestic products that worth to be $357.9billion (World Bank, 2007). Despite the impact of many externalities such as, oil crises in 1970s, to downturn in electronic industry in 1980s, and majorly impact the Asian financial crisis in 1997s. According to (Ministry of Finance, 2006) the growth of economy in Malaysia was consistent from 1988 to 1996 and maintain the economic annual growth of 7-10% per annu m, by the year 2005 the main source of growth was the manufacturing sector whose share of GDP increase to 31.4 percent. The key driver for the ongoing performance of Malaysias economy is the result of policy reform which is a determinant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which enhances the economic growth of Malaysia. The evidence here can be seen by (Ministry of Finance, 2001) introducing the Investment Incentives Act 1968, free trade zones in early 1970s, and export incentives with open policy in 1980s has led to an establishment of FDI in the 1980s. One good example to show that the government has use policy as a determinant of FDI would be, The Promotion of Investment Act (PIA) 1986 which gave a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in order to attract FDI to enhance economy of Malaysia. This graph illustrates the FDI inflow from 1970-2004 in Malaysia. This research shown that (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) FDI stock in Malaysia grew tremendously from 1970s to 1990s, despite fluctuation between the years, and the growth of FDI has been promising from $94 million dollars in 1970s to $2.6 billion by 1990s. Unfortunately, in the early 1990s, the rate of FDI inflow has decrease because of the slowdown investment in Malaysia by two main sources of investors which is Japan and Taiwan. As of 1996, the FDI rate (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) has reach its peak when Malaysia successfully accumulated $7.3 billion dollar, by the end of 1998. There has been a major reduction in FDI inflow due to the financial crisis in 1997 that affected many Southeast Asia countries. Unfortunately, by the early 2000s the inflow of FDI in Malaysia has been unpredictable and inconsistent, but still manages to generate average inflow of $3billion per year. In 2007, Malaysias inward (FDI) performance index has reduce compared to the inward (FDI) potential index which shows that Malaysia lack the capability to attract foreign investors in this recent years as seen in table1, and the key factors is because neighboring countries such as China, and India has much more attractive offers such as lower labor cost that make their business more efficient. Since the inflow FDI has been decreasing, Malaysia was ranked 71 in 2007. The table above explains that inward FDI inflow in Malaysia were only US $ 8,043 million and it was only 2.6% of total inflow of FDI to Asia and by that time China has possesses the share of as much as 26.05%.(World Investment Report, 2008) The conclusion can be made here is that Malaysias reduction inflow of FDI is mainly because their incentive are becoming less competitive compared to other countries in Asia. Problem Statement FDI is strongly recommended to achieve consistent economic growth and resulting in modernisation in industrialisation and raise the living standards of the society. There are many determinants regarding FDI and based incentive policy is one of them. Research shows that (Lam and Liew, 2009, p.435) 2 main assumption of this incentive are that high monetary incentive allows FDI to be attracted easier and high inflow of FDI might lead to higher economic growth. Unfortunately, incentive is not necessary monetary-based like tax exemption but can be a long term relationship that seeks for mutual benefits of both sides. The evidence can be seen that the total inflow of FDI into the region of South East Asia, East Asia and South Asia has increased by 15% to USD 165million in 2005 but for Malaysia despite the fact that many monetary based incentives is provided, Malaysia still experiencing a decrease in foreign direct investment. (Tomlinson, Abdullah, Kolesnikov and Jessop, 2006) In 1990, Mala ysia was ranked 4th in the world for FDI, but was ranked 62th in 2005 and recorded negative inflow of net foreign direct investment in the year 2007 More attention should be given by government, researchers and policy makers to identify the problem and produce the solution that can stimulate the FDI in Malaysia. Much research has been done to stimulate FDI, but a lot lesser research has been carried out considering international relations because mostly focus on microeconomic aspect of domestic firm performance. It is very important for foreign investors to gain confidence to invest in Malaysia, hence enhance the economic growth in Malaysia. More research should be done to determinant other determinants of FDI in order to develop the performance of economy in Malaysia. It is very important for more research to be done on FDI with international relation in order to identify the determinants of FDI that can stimulate the economic growth of Malaysia and not on incentive that only focuses on profit maximization of one sided benefits. Research Objectives The objective of carrying out this study is as below: To review the determinants of FDI that is affecting economic growth in Malaysia To analyze the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. To evaluate some policy actions related to increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia. Research Questions This study is conducted to address the following research questions: Do the determinants of FDI inflow affect the economic growth in Malaysia? Will relationship with FDI result in bloom of economic growth in Malaysia? How policy actions can increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia? Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this section, a review of literature will provide us with a better understanding of the determinant of FDI and the growth of economic in Malaysia. This chapter focuses on the empirical studies on the role of FDI in the economic growth of host countries. Furthermore, a conceptual framework of these variables will be provided. 2.1 Review of Literature 2.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has associate with many leading roles in development of host countries such as source of capital, new job opportunities, diffusion of new technology into country, and develop overall economic growth of host countries. Empirical studies have been carried out to show the relationship between FDI and economic growth while others focuses more on the causality of these two variables. Different methods are use by research to find out the determinants of FDI and the relationship it has with economic growth of host countries. By using cross-section data and OLS regression, Balasubramanyam (1996) found out that host countries that impose export promoting strategy produce positive growth of FDI on the economic growth but this does not apply to host countries as imposes import substitution strategy. Cross-sectional data has also conclude that high level of institutional capability which measured by degree of property right protection and bureaucratic efficiency in host country leads to a positive effect of FDI which enhances the economic growth of host countries. (Olofsdotter, 1998) In the work of Borensztein, et al. (1998), they utilize the cross country regression framework to analyse the effect of FDI on economic growth. They use the FDI flows data from industrial countries to 69 developing countries for the past two decades. Their research provided essential information that shown FDI plays an important role in diffusing new technology in host countries, and relatively boost overall economic growth rather than domestic investment. According to another research on (Borensztein et, al.1998) developing economies which focuses on the diffusion process of technology and economic growth, they found out that the positive impact of FDI on economic growth is highly dependent on the availability of human capital in the specific host country. De Mello (1999) uses both time series and panel data fixed effects for a sample of 32 developed and developing countries to study the relationship of FDI and economic growth. However, he only found out little result showing positi ve effect of FDI that affects the economic growth of host country. There are also other research that focuses on the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang (2001) and Choe (2003) use co integration and Granger causality test for a sample of 11 developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. Zhang (2001) found out that 5 cases that shows enhancement of economic growth but the condition of host country is important, so factors such as macro stability and trade regime must be attractive to attract FDI in host countries. Through the research of Choe (2003), the finding of casuality between FDI and economic growth shows that FDI is dependent on the economic growth of host country and not the other way around. Little evidence was shown that FDI enhance the growth of economy, but mainly supports that rapid economic growth enhances the FDI inflow into the country. Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2003) use innovative econometric methodology to identify the causality of FDI and economic growth. The research was done using time series data from 1969 to 2000 for three developing countries that are Malaysia, Chile and Thailand. Each country involve with different background of determinants of FDI such as macroeconomic episodes, growth patterns, and policy regimes. Their study found out that GDP was the cause of growth of FDI in Chile, but it does not go the same with Malaysia and Thailand which has strong evidence of bi-directional causality of these two variables. In the case of Frimpong and Abayie (2006), In the research (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003) by using panel data to study Latin America between the relationship of FDI and economic growth, they found out there is a positive impact of FDI that lead to increase in economic growth but the research is similar to Borensztein, et.al, (1998) that says economic development depend on the countrys stability condition. Finally, Duasa (2007) which focus on the causality between FDI and output of economic growth in Malaysia and the study found no evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. These has indicate that in the case of Malaysia, FDI does not cause economic growth but FDI contributes to stability of growth as growth contributes to stability of FDI. In order to understand the determinants of FDI more accurately, we can see through research done by Vernon (1966) by using product cycle hypothesis which relates to trade theory by Hufbauer (1966). The theory is about the relationship between investment theory and trade theory by using products as they are export or invested. They found out that competition prices in host countries drives foreign investors to seek cost advantages especially labour cost. This shows that innovation of countries to attract FDI is important to improve economic growth. 2.1.2 Economic growth in Malaysia Export growth can be considered as the most researched determinant factor of (FDI) in economic growth. According to Chow (1987, p.124), the export growth of development countries can be identified through the impact of increase in countrys income, non-export production of goods, resource allocation, and capital efficiency, ability in handling external shocks, negative external effects and also total productivity factor. Therefore, research has shown export strategy has been an effective factor in enhancing the economic growth of developing countries. Furthermore, these countries have also testified that export promotion is an effective development strategy (Jung and Marshall, 1985). However, export strategy is not the main determinant factor of FDI that promotes economic growth. According to Ahmand and Harnhirun (1996) research, by using time data series from 1966 until 1988 to determine whether export is the main (FDI) factor that affects countries economic growth on industrial countries like Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand, they found out that economic growth and export is dependent on development of countrys policy, and also economic development causes export growth not the other way around. In order to (Alfano et.al, 2004) identify the relationship between FDI, financial market, economic growth and also to find out whether countries with better financial systems are able to exploit FDI effectively. An empirical analysis was done by using cross country data from 1975 to 1995 which concluded that FDI played a leading role in contributing to economic growth in 71 countries which means countries with good financial market are able to take advantage of opportunity offered by FDI. Li and Liu (2005) studied whether FDI affect economic growth by using single and simultaneous system of equation techniques to test these two variables. Their research found a significant relationship between FDI and economic growth which identified, Human capital has indirect interaction with FDI that leads to positive impact on economic growth in developing countries, whereas countries with insufficient technology knowledge will have significant negative impact on economic growth in developing countries Another study done by Hsiao and Hsiao (2006) using panel data and time series from 1986 to 2004 to identify Granger causality between GDP, export and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand found out that FDI has direct one way effect on GDP and indirect effect through export. There was also bilateral causal relationship between export and GDP. Lastly, study done by Baharumshah and Thanoon (2006) using quantitative assessment found out that FDI effects economic growth both long-term and short term in the host countries. Their research has also shown that countries that are able to attract inflow of FDI successfully can generate more investment which leads to faster overall development of economy, hence FDI is a major contributing factor in the economy of East Asian countries. Ang (2007) use annual time series data from 1960 to 2005 in order to find out the determinants of FDI in Malaysia found out that GDP growth had a significant positive impact on FDI inflow. 2.2 Theoretical Framework Foreign direct investment (FDI) Independent variable Dependent variable Technology advancement Economic growth in Malaysia Human Capital Policy development Social GDP 2.2.1 Analysis path This framework is to understand the research of the two variables in the case of my research proposal, foreign direct investment (FDI) is the independent variable and economic growth in Malaysia would be the dependent variable. The purpose of this research proposal is to understand the relationship of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia can implement different FDI contributing factor that can enhance economic growth in the country. The analysis here is about the determinants of FDI and it interests me in which Malaysia can implement and make FDI more attractive to be invested by foreign firms. In this analysis, the information accumulated should provide the key determinants of FDI at the same time enhance the development of economic growth in Malaysia. Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This section describes the research methodology use in the study to access the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. Simple ordinary least square (OLS) regression and the empirical analysis are done using annual data of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia over the 1970-2005 periods. The research was done using annual data from IMF international Financial Statistic tables, published by International Monetary Fund to find out the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. 3.1 Data 3.1.1 Data Resources According to Romano (2004), primary data can be define as data that is collected specially for the purpose of answering research question, while secondary data can be define as existing data collected in order to answer different research project. Secondary data was chosen for this research because it is less expensive compared to primary data, and takes less time to collect data that is needed for research. (Romano, 2004) Secondary data has made information far easier to be obtain by interpreting information from primary data and published them through secondary resource such as newspaper, journals, books, internet, and also research reports. () The existence of secondary data happens when a project needs the collection of data that has already been research in order to further understand the research question on a new project That is why secondary data is essential in order for us because it provide us with the knowledge to form research design and also answering our research quest ions in a more in depth scale. 3.1.2 Data Analysis Procedure In order to complete this research proposal we have mainly use secondary resource such as journals, websites, books, and also research report. Secondary resource has provided us with the information needed at the same time save us time and cost. KBU International College has provided us with books that contain the information needed for us to make references for our research topic. Internet network has been a major contribution by using the Google Chromes search engine we are able to obtain various journals and reports from websites that allows us to make reference and understand our research objectives. Emerald website in particular by using Anglia Ruskin University account has granted us the access to various journals that are easy to obtain without any hassle. The usage of less text book is because the library has insufficient information needed to answer our research questions. 3.2 Hypothesis Null hypothesis H0: FDI is not important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H1: FDI is important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Technology advancement is essential in developing economic growth because it produces skilled labor that will enhance productivity and satisfying demands from consumer. According to Easterly et al. (1995), technology transfer depends on the diffusion process and can take place in 4 forms which is transfer of new technologies and ideas, high technology imports, foreign technology adoption and also level of human capital. Diffusion process of technology into host countries can be different depending on the human capital and availability of technology in the country itself. Example, study made by Borensztein (1998) on developing economies concluded that FDI has positive economy growth but the effect of magnitude depends on the availability of human capital in the host country. This clearly shows that advance technology is very important to enhance economic growth at different level of diffusion growth. Null hypothesis H0: Economic stability is not important to attract FDI into the country Alternate hypothesis H2: Economic stability is important to attract FDI into the country Many countries should pay more attention to economic stability in order to attract FDI which can enhance economic growth. With a stable economy it portrays a positive image and good economic positioning, which in turn attracts foreign investors to invest and generate profit from the investment made in the foreign country as a guaranteed. Therefore, determinants of economic stability should be given attention, the determinants are such as exports, and government expenditure, domestic consumption, and exchange rate that should be manage well by government. According to the research done by Kogid,et.al,(2010) , the most important determinant of economic stability in Malaysia is export and consumption expenditure. Their study also found out that government expenditure and exchange rate are less effective on economic growth but it does not mean it should be ignored but these factors can be act as catalyst and complement factor of economic growth. Null hypothesis H0: Implication of policy does not promote economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H3: Implication of policy does promote economic growth Implication of policy reform is important to draw attention of foreign investment. Policies to promote growth have evidence but it does not work for other countries. This can be seen from the study made by Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996) which studied on new industrial countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand that found out export and economic growth dependent on development of policy. Therefore, government should impost relevant policies to attract FDI into Malaysia. Example, policies like joint venture which give opportunities to domestic producer to become one with foreign investors. This way will benefit local partner as they have exposure towards technology. 3.3 Limitation Theoretical framework of FDI that is use to analyses the FDI determinants and economic growth in Malaysia could have been done more accurately with more secondary resources. Firstly, KBU International College provides insufficient books that have relation with this research topic. However, KBU does provide student with the account to access Emerald websites that contains many research journals and reports that is very convenient for our research topic. In addition, some determinants of FDI in the theoretical framework were not taken into consideration because there has been insufficient research done on some determinants of FDI that affects economic growth in Malaysia. As a result, this research is not entirely completed to reflect the full extent of FDI on Malaysias economy growth. Since this research is mainly dependent on opinions of researchers around the world, this may lead to inaccuracy of research because they might disagree with research and opinions done by other authors around the world. 4.0 Ethical Consideration Before the research is done, respondents will be notified regarding the aim, benefits and purpose of the research is conducted and the method that is engage to carry out this research so that respondent will be able to understand the reason of caring out this research and the potential hazard level of this research. There are also no pressure of any kind shall be force for individual to become subject of research. In addition, respondents have the permission to withdraw or terminate from participating and becoming subject of the research. These are the ethical action taken so that there will be no violation of human rights. The identity of respondents from who involves in the survey is strictly confidential and shall be discarded once research is completed unless permission is granted by respondents for publish sake. No information of respondents will be revealed and included in the final report. Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION This study will give us an opportunity to identify the determinants of FDI that develops economic growth, to understand the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in enhancing the economic growth in Malaysia, and also the relationship between (FDI) and the economic growth in Malaysia. In this chapter of study, the main focus will be on research background, research objectives, research questions and also the significant of study. Research Background 1.1.1 The Trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Flow in Malaysia The relationship between the growths of FDI with countries has been a debatable issue for several decades. This has become an eye opener which agreed by (Karimi, Sharift and Yusop, 2009, p.2) which drive policymakers to engage in incentives such as export processing zone and tax incentive in order to attract FDI. However, the determinant of FDI in each country is different and failure to understand how a specific country can attract FDI will bring difficulties to changes in economy. In the case of Malaysia, in 2007 the economy was ranked at 29th largest economy in the world with gross domestic products that worth to be $357.9billion (World Bank, 2007). Despite the impact of many externalities such as, oil crises in 1970s, to downturn in electronic industry in 1980s, and majorly impact the Asian financial crisis in 1997s. According to (Ministry of Finance, 2006) the growth of economy in Malaysia was consistent from 1988 to 1996 and maintain the economic annual growth of 7-10% per annu m, by the year 2005 the main source of growth was the manufacturing sector whose share of GDP increase to 31.4 percent. The key driver for the ongoing performance of Malaysias economy is the result of policy reform which is a determinant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which enhances the economic growth of Malaysia. The evidence here can be seen by (Ministry of Finance, 2001) introducing the Investment Incentives Act 1968, free trade zones in early 1970s, and export incentives with open policy in 1980s has led to an establishment of FDI in the 1980s. One good example to show that the government has use policy as a determinant of FDI would be, The Promotion of Investment Act (PIA) 1986 which gave a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in order to attract FDI to enhance economy of Malaysia. This graph illustrates the FDI inflow from 1970-2004 in Malaysia. This research shown that (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) FDI stock in Malaysia grew tremendously from 1970s to 1990s, despite fluctuation between the years, and the growth of FDI has been promising from $94 million dollars in 1970s to $2.6 billion by 1990s. Unfortunately, in the early 1990s, the rate of FDI inflow has decrease because of the slowdown investment in Malaysia by two main sources of investors which is Japan and Taiwan. As of 1996, the FDI rate (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) has reach its peak when Malaysia successfully accumulated $7.3 billion dollar, by the end of 1998. There has been a major reduction in FDI inflow due to the financial crisis in 1997 that affected many Southeast Asia countries. Unfortunately, by the early 2000s the inflow of FDI in Malaysia has been unpredictable and inconsistent, but still manages to generate average inflow of $3billion per year. In 2007, Malaysias inward (FDI) performance index has reduce compared to the inward (FDI) potential index which shows that Malaysia lack the capability to attract foreign investors in this recent years as seen in table1, and the key factors is because neighboring countries such as China, and India has much more attractive offers such as lower labor cost that make their business more efficient. Since the inflow FDI has been decreasing, Malaysia was ranked 71 in 2007. The table above explains that inward FDI inflow in Malaysia were only US $ 8,043 million and it was only 2.6% of total inflow of FDI to Asia and by that time China has possesses the share of as much as 26.05%.(World Investment Report, 2008) The conclusion can be made here is that Malaysias reduction inflow of FDI is mainly because their incentive are becoming less competitive compared to other countries in Asia. Problem Statement FDI is strongly recommended to achieve consistent economic growth and resulting in modernisation in industrialisation and raise the living standards of the society. There are many determinants regarding FDI and based incentive policy is one of them. Research shows that (Lam and Liew, 2009, p.435) 2 main assumption of this incentive are that high monetary incentive allows FDI to be attracted easier and high inflow of FDI might lead to higher economic growth. Unfortunately, incentive is not necessary monetary-based like tax exemption but can be a long term relationship that seeks for mutual benefits of both sides. The evidence can be seen that the total inflow of FDI into the region of South East Asia, East Asia and South Asia has increased by 15% to USD 165million in 2005 but for Malaysia despite the fact that many monetary based incentives is provided, Malaysia still experiencing a decrease in foreign direct investment. (Tomlinson, Abdullah, Kolesnikov and Jessop, 2006) In 1990, Mala ysia was ranked 4th in the world for FDI, but was ranked 62th in 2005 and recorded negative inflow of net foreign direct investment in the year 2007 More attention should be given by government, researchers and policy makers to identify the problem and produce the solution that can stimulate the FDI in Malaysia. Much research has been done to stimulate FDI, but a lot lesser research has been carried out considering international relations because mostly focus on microeconomic aspect of domestic firm performance. It is very important for foreign investors to gain confidence to invest in Malaysia, hence enhance the economic growth in Malaysia. More research should be done to determinant other determinants of FDI in order to develop the performance of economy in Malaysia. It is very important for more research to be done on FDI with international relation in order to identify the determinants of FDI that can stimulate the economic growth of Malaysia and not on incentive that only focuses on profit maximization of one sided benefits. Research Objectives The objective of carrying out this study is as below: To review the determinants of FDI that is affecting economic growth in Malaysia To analyze the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. To evaluate some policy actions related to increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia. Research Questions This study is conducted to address the following research questions: Do the determinants of FDI inflow affect the economic growth in Malaysia? Will relationship with FDI result in bloom of economic growth in Malaysia? How policy actions can increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia? Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this section, a review of literature will provide us with a better understanding of the determinant of FDI and the growth of economic in Malaysia. This chapter focuses on the empirical studies on the role of FDI in the economic growth of host countries. Furthermore, a conceptual framework of these variables will be provided. 2.1 Review of Literature 2.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has associate with many leading roles in development of host countries such as source of capital, new job opportunities, diffusion of new technology into country, and develop overall economic growth of host countries. Empirical studies have been carried out to show the relationship between FDI and economic growth while others focuses more on the causality of these two variables. Different methods are use by research to find out the determinants of FDI and the relationship it has with economic growth of host countries. By using cross-section data and OLS regression, Balasubramanyam (1996) found out that host countries that impose export promoting strategy produce positive growth of FDI on the economic growth but this does not apply to host countries as imposes import substitution strategy. Cross-sectional data has also conclude that high level of institutional capability which measured by degree of property right protection and bureaucratic efficiency in host country leads to a positive effect of FDI which enhances the economic growth of host countries. (Olofsdotter, 1998) In the work of Borensztein, et al. (1998), they utilize the cross country regression framework to analyse the effect of FDI on economic growth. They use the FDI flows data from industrial countries to 69 developing countries for the past two decades. Their research provided essential information that shown FDI plays an important role in diffusing new technology in host countries, and relatively boost overall economic growth rather than domestic investment. According to another research on (Borensztein et, al.1998) developing economies which focuses on the diffusion process of technology and economic growth, they found out that the positive impact of FDI on economic growth is highly dependent on the availability of human capital in the specific host country. De Mello (1999) uses both time series and panel data fixed effects for a sample of 32 developed and developing countries to study the relationship of FDI and economic growth. However, he only found out little result showing positi ve effect of FDI that affects the economic growth of host country. There are also other research that focuses on the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang (2001) and Choe (2003) use co integration and Granger causality test for a sample of 11 developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. Zhang (2001) found out that 5 cases that shows enhancement of economic growth but the condition of host country is important, so factors such as macro stability and trade regime must be attractive to attract FDI in host countries. Through the research of Choe (2003), the finding of casuality between FDI and economic growth shows that FDI is dependent on the economic growth of host country and not the other way around. Little evidence was shown that FDI enhance the growth of economy, but mainly supports that rapid economic growth enhances the FDI inflow into the country. Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2003) use innovative econometric methodology to identify the causality of FDI and economic growth. The research was done using time series data from 1969 to 2000 for three developing countries that are Malaysia, Chile and Thailand. Each country involve with different background of determinants of FDI such as macroeconomic episodes, growth patterns, and policy regimes. Their study found out that GDP was the cause of growth of FDI in Chile, but it does not go the same with Malaysia and Thailand which has strong evidence of bi-directional causality of these two variables. In the case of Frimpong and Abayie (2006), In the research (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003) by using panel data to study Latin America between the relationship of FDI and economic growth, they found out there is a positive impact of FDI that lead to increase in economic growth but the research is similar to Borensztein, et.al, (1998) that says economic development depend on the countrys stability condition. Finally, Duasa (2007) which focus on the causality between FDI and output of economic growth in Malaysia and the study found no evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. These has indicate that in the case of Malaysia, FDI does not cause economic growth but FDI contributes to stability of growth as growth contributes to stability of FDI. In order to understand the determinants of FDI more accurately, we can see through research done by Vernon (1966) by using product cycle hypothesis which relates to trade theory by Hufbauer (1966). The theory is about the relationship between investment theory and trade theory by using products as they are export or invested. They found out that competition prices in host countries drives foreign investors to seek cost advantages especially labour cost. This shows that innovation of countries to attract FDI is important to improve economic growth. 2.1.2 Economic growth in Malaysia Export growth can be considered as the most researched determinant factor of (FDI) in economic growth. According to Chow (1987, p.124), the export growth of development countries can be identified through the impact of increase in countrys income, non-export production of goods, resource allocation, and capital efficiency, ability in handling external shocks, negative external effects and also total productivity factor. Therefore, research has shown export strategy has been an effective factor in enhancing the economic growth of developing countries. Furthermore, these countries have also testified that export promotion is an effective development strategy (Jung and Marshall, 1985). However, export strategy is not the main determinant factor of FDI that promotes economic growth. According to Ahmand and Harnhirun (1996) research, by using time data series from 1966 until 1988 to determine whether export is the main (FDI) factor that affects countries economic growth on industrial countries like Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand, they found out that economic growth and export is dependent on development of countrys policy, and also economic development causes export growth not the other way around. In order to (Alfano et.al, 2004) identify the relationship between FDI, financial market, economic growth and also to find out whether countries with better financial systems are able to exploit FDI effectively. An empirical analysis was done by using cross country data from 1975 to 1995 which concluded that FDI played a leading role in contributing to economic growth in 71 countries which means countries with good financial market are able to take advantage of opportunity offered by FDI. Li and Liu (2005) studied whether FDI affect economic growth by using single and simultaneous system of equation techniques to test these two variables. Their research found a significant relationship between FDI and economic growth which identified, Human capital has indirect interaction with FDI that leads to positive impact on economic growth in developing countries, whereas countries with insufficient technology knowledge will have significant negative impact on economic growth in developing countries Another study done by Hsiao and Hsiao (2006) using panel data and time series from 1986 to 2004 to identify Granger causality between GDP, export and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand found out that FDI has direct one way effect on GDP and indirect effect through export. There was also bilateral causal relationship between export and GDP. Lastly, study done by Baharumshah and Thanoon (2006) using quantitative assessment found out that FDI effects economic growth both long-term and short term in the host countries. Their research has also shown that countries that are able to attract inflow of FDI successfully can generate more investment which leads to faster overall development of economy, hence FDI is a major contributing factor in the economy of East Asian countries. Ang (2007) use annual time series data from 1960 to 2005 in order to find out the determinants of FDI in Malaysia found out that GDP growth had a significant positive impact on FDI inflow. 2.2 Theoretical Framework Foreign direct investment (FDI) Independent variable Dependent variable Technology advancement Economic growth in Malaysia Human Capital Policy development Social GDP 2.2.1 Analysis path This framework is to understand the research of the two variables in the case of my research proposal, foreign direct investment (FDI) is the independent variable and economic growth in Malaysia would be the dependent variable. The purpose of this research proposal is to understand the relationship of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia can implement different FDI contributing factor that can enhance economic growth in the country. The analysis here is about the determinants of FDI and it interests me in which Malaysia can implement and make FDI more attractive to be invested by foreign firms. In this analysis, the information accumulated should provide the key determinants of FDI at the same time enhance the development of economic growth in Malaysia. Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This section describes the research methodology use in the study to access the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. Simple ordinary least square (OLS) regression and the empirical analysis are done using annual data of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia over the 1970-2005 periods. The research was done using annual data from IMF international Financial Statistic tables, published by International Monetary Fund to find out the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. 3.1 Data 3.1.1 Data Resources According to Romano (2004), primary data can be define as data that is collected specially for the purpose of answering research question, while secondary data can be define as existing data collected in order to answer different research project. Secondary data was chosen for this research because it is less expensive compared to primary data, and takes less time to collect data that is needed for research. (Romano, 2004) Secondary data has made information far easier to be obtain by interpreting information from primary data and published them through secondary resource such as newspaper, journals, books, internet, and also research reports. () The existence of secondary data happens when a project needs the collection of data that has already been research in order to further understand the research question on a new project That is why secondary data is essential in order for us because it provide us with the knowledge to form research design and also answering our research quest ions in a more in depth scale. 3.1.2 Data Analysis Procedure In order to complete this research proposal we have mainly use secondary resource such as journals, websites, books, and also research report. Secondary resource has provided us with the information needed at the same time save us time and cost. KBU International College has provided us with books that contain the information needed for us to make references for our research topic. Internet network has been a major contribution by using the Google Chromes search engine we are able to obtain various journals and reports from websites that allows us to make reference and understand our research objectives. Emerald website in particular by using Anglia Ruskin University account has granted us the access to various journals that are easy to obtain without any hassle. The usage of less text book is because the library has insufficient information needed to answer our research questions. 3.2 Hypothesis Null hypothesis H0: FDI is not important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H1: FDI is important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Technology advancement is essential in developing economic growth because it produces skilled labor that will enhance productivity and satisfying demands from consumer. According to Easterly et al. (1995), technology transfer depends on the diffusion process and can take place in 4 forms which is transfer of new technologies and ideas, high technology imports, foreign technology adoption and also level of human capital. Diffusion process of technology into host countries can be different depending on the human capital and availability of technology in the country itself. Example, study made by Borensztein (1998) on developing economies concluded that FDI has positive economy growth but the effect of magnitude depends on the availability of human capital in the host country. This clearly shows that advance technology is very important to enhance economic growth at different level of diffusion growth. Null hypothesis H0: Economic stability is not important to attract FDI into the country Alternate hypothesis H2: Economic stability is important to attract FDI into the country Many countries should pay more attention to economic stability in order to attract FDI which can enhance economic growth. With a stable economy it portrays a positive image and good economic positioning, which in turn attracts foreign investors to invest and generate profit from the investment made in the foreign country as a guaranteed. Therefore, determinants of economic stability should be given attention, the determinants are such as exports, and government expenditure, domestic consumption, and exchange rate that should be manage well by government. According to the research done by Kogid,et.al,(2010) , the most important determinant of economic stability in Malaysia is export and consumption expenditure. Their study also found out that government expenditure and exchange rate are less effective on economic growth but it does not mean it should be ignored but these factors can be act as catalyst and complement factor of economic growth. Null hypothesis H0: Implication of policy does not promote economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H3: Implication of policy does promote economic growth Implication of policy reform is important to draw attention of foreign investment. Policies to promote growth have evidence but it does not work for other countries. This can be seen from the study made by Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996) which studied on new industrial countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand that found out export and economic growth dependent on development of policy. Therefore, government should impost relevant policies to attract FDI into Malaysia. Example, policies like joint venture which give opportunities to domestic producer to become one with foreign investors. This way will benefit local partner as they have exposure towards technology. 3.3 Limitation Theoretical framework of FDI that is use to analyses the FDI determinants and economic growth in Malaysia could have been done more accurately with more secondary resources. Firstly, KBU International College provides insufficient books that have relation with this research topic. However, KBU does provide student with the account to access Emerald websites that contains many research journals and reports that is very convenient for our research topic. In addition, some determinants of FDI in the theoretical framework were not taken into consideration because there has been insufficient research done on some determinants of FDI that affects economic growth in Malaysia. As a result, this research is not entirely completed to reflect the full extent of FDI on Malaysias economy growth. Since this research is mainly dependent on opinions of researchers around the world, this may lead to inaccuracy of research because they might disagree with research and opinions done by other authors around the world. 4.0 Ethical Consideration Before the research is done, respondents will be notified regarding the aim, benefits and purpose of the research is conducted and the method that is engage to carry out this research so that respondent will be able to understand the reason of caring out this research and the potential hazard level of this research. There are also no pressure of any kind shall be force for individual to become subject of research. In addition, respondents have the permission to withdraw or terminate from participating and becoming subject of the research. These are the ethical action taken so that there will be no violation of human rights. The identity of respondents from who involves in the survey is strictly confidential and shall be discarded once research is completed unless permission is granted by respondents for publish sake. No information of respondents will be revealed and included in the final report.